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I N C I D E N T 

IN THE 

of tlie United States with Mexico, 

ILLUSTRATING THE 

SERVICES OF WM, MAXWELL WOOD, SURGEON U. S. N. 

IJSr EFFECTING THE ACQ UI8ITI0N OF CALIFORNIA. 
By Geo. Gumming ^^Whorter, Esq. 

READ BEFORE THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 


•HERWOOO & GO’S STEAM PRESS. 








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Incident in Ihc ||mi of Ihc :|nite(] |ta(c| Kri<ti||«ii[o. 


It often happens in the history of nations, that issues of vast im^- 
portance turn upon some circumstances with which the public arc 
hardly, if at all acquainted. It follows, that the immediate cause of 
the great result, and the conduct of those who may have been en¬ 
gaged in producing it, remain unappreciated, though the end of the 
transaction and its consequences are apparent to all who think upon 
the subject. An incident illustrative of the above assertion took 
place at the very beginning of our war with Mexico, which, as it has^ 
come to our knowledge from reliable sources, we purpose to describe, 
having no other interest or design than to play the honest chroni¬ 
cler, and to keep the matter, which should be known, from being 
lost in, that oblivion in which time is burying so many interesting 
events of the past. 

Our readers will remember, that prior to the annexation of Texas 
by our country. Great Britain made a demonstration to obtain pos¬ 
session of that territory, and thus to acquire another foothold upon 
the continent of North America. We need not relate the history. 
She was defeated in her object by the action of the United States in 
annexing Texas, which the American Government regarded as a 
separate power, having previously recognized her independence. 
Doubtless our movement was precipitated by the rumors which were 
rife in regard to the purposes of England to avail herself of the dis¬ 
tressed state of Texan affairs, in order to gain her* point. 

However that may have been, the annexation of Texas brought the^ 
United States to the Rio Grande, and opened the door to collisions, 
between our troops and those of Mexico, and the invasion of our 
tei-ritory by the latter, which caused Congress to declare that war 




9 


existed between the United States and Mexico. Among the no less 
solid than brilliant advantages that ensued to our country from that 
conflict, was the acquisition of the present State of California. How 
we obtained, and how near we came to losing the prize, are matters 
which turned upon the incident we are about to relate. 

Prior to the war, during the administration of Mr Polk, the Mex¬ 
ican Government was indebted in a considerable sum to Englishmen 
who had invested in American securities. The payment of those 
securities, owing to the disturbed state of Mexican affairs, which had 
got to be chronic, and the disordered state of the finances of that 
nation, seemed to be growing every day more and more doubtful, so 
that the English holders of Mexican bonds became alarmed. In this 
position of things they appealed to their own Government to under¬ 
take their cause and protect them from loss. Great Britain, ever 
ready to charge herself with the interests of her citizens who may 
consider themselves aggrieved by, or likely to suffer harm or loss 
through foreign powers—for which she is to be admired—and ever 
looking with a covetous eye upon American territory, and, as in the 
case of Texas referred to, without fear of the Monroe doctrine— 
which asserts that the United States will not permit a European 
power to acquire further territory upon this continent—proposed to 
the Government of Mexico that it should mortgage California to 
Great Britain as a security for the bonds which we have said were 
held by Englishmen. Further, she proposed that Mexico should put 
her in actual possession of the territory mortgaged. England would 
thus be mistress of the position. She could assum^e the payment of 
the bonds, release Mexico, convert the mortgage into a fee-simple, 
and so become owner of California upon the most advantageous terms. 
Besides, having effected such a lodgment upon the Southwest Pacific, 
with her Canadian and Island possessions, she would surround the 
United States, and be in a position to prevent the Republic, whose 
increasing power awakened her jealousy, from spreading over the 
continent—in fact she could hold us in check. The scheme was a 
clever one, and had it succeeded, would have indemnified the English 
for their disappointment in regard to Louisiana in 1815, and to Texas 
in 1845. Moreover, it can hardly be doubted, that if Great Britain 
had obtained possession of California, she would have found in Mexi- 


3 


co’s infirmity her opportunity, and introduced her India policy, and 
treated Mexican authorities as she had done Indian Princes and Be¬ 
gums, First, she would have extended a protectorate over the disor¬ 
ganized nation; second, as that would have involved the expenditure of 
much money, to reimburse herself she would have converted the pro¬ 
tectorate, first, into a qualified, and then into an actual sovereignty, 
just as she had converted the mortgage of California into a fee-simple. 
In addition, too, when the war of the Southern Rebellion broke out, 
she would have been greatly facilitated in aiding the Confederate 
Government in its endeavor to rend our Nation, and produce that 
“ Disruption of the United States'” which the English author. Freeman, 
(in common with so many of his countrymen,) hoped existed when he 
inscribed those words as part of the title to his “ History of Federate 
Government,” which is to run from the days of Athens to the time 
of said “ disruption.” Probably, Freeman, like Buhle, will not live 
to finish his work. Who knows, too, had England got possession of 
Mexico, and the United States been divided, but that she might 
have absorbed the Confederate States, and made herself partial mis¬ 
tress of North America. Perhaps the wars of the Revolution, and 
of 1812, would have had to be refought. It is easy to see what 
tremendous issues turned upon the negotiation for California, under 
cover of the Mexican bonds due to English subjects. 

While the negotiation was going on, delayed by Mexican pride no 
doubt, for the Mexicans, incensed at the annexation of Texas by our 
Government, though they could not pay their bonds, were extremely 
unwilling to part with any of their territory—the important event 
which killed the whole proceeding, and estopped Great Britain, took 
place. 

Previously, we believe about the year 1S42, Commodore Ap. 
Catesby Jones, acting upon his own suggestion, made a descent upon 
Mexican Pacific territory. We think that he occupied Monterey, 
and through it took possession of California for his Government. The 
United States did not sustain Commodore Jones in his over-zealous 
and premature effort to extend our domain on the Pacific, and so the 
Commodore retired, and the movement came to nothing. It had two 
effects however ; it stimulated Great Britain to enter upon her nego¬ 
tiation, and it irritated Mexico, and made her more tenacious than 
ever of her soil already curtailed by the going off of Texas. 


4 


While affairs were in the position we have related, in the winter of 
1846, the United States fleet, consisting of the Savannah, Cyane, 
Levant and other ships, under command of Commodore Sloat in the 
first, was at Mazatlan, a port on the Pacific just within the tropic. 
The British fleet, under Admiral Seymour in the Collingwood, wms 
at the same place. The Admiral had ample arrangements by which 
he could receive early information from every quarter, and devoted 
himself especially to'observing our ships. He was, if possible, more 
keenly alive to the importance of the situation, and the critical state 
of affairs, than was either the United States or Mexico. Just then 
a report was circulated in Mazatlan, that war had broken out be¬ 
tween the latter countries ; but as it was merely a rumor which 
might have grown out of nervousness or some trifle magnified, and 
as the British Admiral, notwithstanding his arrangements to obtain 
early information, had not received any such news from any reliable 
source, the report was not credited by any, and all was quiet on the 
Pacific. 

Br. William Maxwell Wood was then Fleet Surgeon of the United 
States Squadron. This officer having obtained permission to return 
home. Commodore Sloat entrusted him with written dispatches and 
private advices which it was thought best not to commit to paper.* 
The Doctor took the route through Mexico, accompanied by Mr. 
Parrott, United States Consul at Mazatlan, who was also on his 
way home. 

When the party arrived at Guadalajara, the town was in a state 
of agitation arising from rumors of war. Fortunately, Br. Wood 
was well acquainted with the Spanish language. Very soon he 
gathered from conversations in his proximity, not intended for his 
ear, that a collision between the United States and Mexican forces 
,had taken place along the Rio Grande. The Mexican papers gave 
exaggerated accounts of what had occurred. The feelings of the 
people were excited. There was no time for reflection in an emer¬ 
gency requiring instant action. The Doctor was a peculiarly cool 
and sagaciqus man, and of unflinching courage. Immediately he 
grasped the occasion, and decided upon the course for him to pursue, 
and with quietness and calmness he carried his decision into effect. 
He wrote a dispatch recounting the intelligence he had received, 

*See A.—Appendix. 


5 


and sent it under cover from Consul Parrott to Commodore Sloat. 
The courier rode full speed, night and day, and delivered the dis- 
pitch to Sloat, at Mazatlan, at the earliest practicable moment. 
The Commodore, as soon as he received the important and exciting 
information, perceiving the exigency of the case, acted with admira¬ 
ble decision and promptitude. He ordered the Cyane and Levant 
to sail directly for Monterey, and followed very soon after in the 
Savannah. As soon as he arrived at Monterey, July 7th, 1S46, he 
occupied the town, hoisted the American flag, and took formal pos- 
se.ssion of Monterey, San Francisco, and others of the Californias in 
fcehalf of his Government. The possession so taken was never re¬ 
linquished, except in regard to Lower California, a territory of little 
value. A few days after the departure of the United States Squad- 
Ton from Mazatlan, Admiral Seymour received similar advices to 
those which Ur. Wood had so rapidly forwarded to Sloat. The 
Admiral instantly fathomed the intentions of the Commodore, and 
without delay sailed on the same errand, hoping to outsail the 
American ship. But the Savannah was a fast vessel, and being 
•driven to the utmost, the Admiral did not succeed in overtaking her. 
When he reached Monterey he found the American flag flying on 
the soil, and California formally and actually in po-ssession of our 
country and safe from English designs. It will be readily conceived 
that he was deeply chagrined at being outdone, notwithstanding his 
arrangements for early information, by American sagacity, prompti¬ 
tude and pluck, and in seeing Her Majesty’s Government thwarted 
in its well devised and long cherished scheme of territorial aggran¬ 
dizement—one, too, which, had it been succes.sful, might have 
changed the political face of this continent. However, he stomached 
the affair with the best grace of which he was master, and no trouble 
arose between the Americans and British on the Pacific ; the latter 
recognizing that the former had acted legally, and as they would 
do under similar circumstances themselves. 

To return to Dr. Wood. The Doctor and his friends continued 
their journey to the City of Mexico. There the news of the battles 
of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma was rife in the streets, and 
open war having thus broken out between the two countries, the 
public excitement was greater even than it had been at Guadalajara. 


6 


The position of the American officer became extremely critical, and 
was fraught with danger. A foreigner in the midst of a hostile 
nation, surrounded by an embittered people, charged with dispatches 
to the enemy’s Government, having availed himself of the oppor¬ 
tunity furnished by his journey to gather secret and vital informa¬ 
tion and transmit the same to the American Commodore on the 
Pacific, he was liable to arrest at any moment. Plad his operations 
been discovered he would have been seized, and would hardly have 
escaped with his life. Nevertheless he exhibited no trepidation, 
and pursued his fixed purpose of rendering all the service in his 
power without staying to weigh the personal hazard. By good 
fortune he met in the City of Mexico an official whom he had known 
formerly, and who, though he understood the Doctor’s delicate po¬ 
sition, manifested himself throughout his stay in the city as his 
friend. This gentleman was intimate with Senor Tornel, the Minis¬ 
ter at War, and thus became the recipient of the secret affairs of 
Mexico and its earliest advices from the seat of war. An American 
by birth and disaffected to the Government, he communicated gladly 
all that he knew to Dr. Wood. The information so acquired up to 
the latest moment, the Doctor sent via the Mexican mail to a neutral 
German friend at Vera Cruz, adding a full account of his journey 
and what he had done, together with his position at the time of his 
writing, in order that, in case of his discovery, arrest or murder, 
the United States might derive through the German neutral all the 
advantages consequent upon the possession of such important infor¬ 
mation. 

This precaution taken, the Doctor proceeded quietly to Vera Cruz. 
Arrived there he found that the United States Blockading Fleet was 
lying off the harbor. But how was he, an American, to reach it 
and advise the Commodore of the state of affairs, and obtain trans¬ 
portation home in order to deliver the dispatches, both written and 
verbal, of which he was the bearer, and put his Government in pos¬ 
session of his operations and the consequences which he reasonably 
inferred had ensued therefrom upon the Pacific—all which it was 
most important that the President should know without delay ? 

But fortune favors the brave, and the Doctor succeeded in es¬ 
caping from his unpleasant predicament, by enlisting the sympathies 


7 


of the Captain of a neutral ship of war. The latter sent him off in 
one of his boats which was going out on some business to the Amer¬ 
ican fleet. It will be easily imagined how much delighted Dr. Wood 
was, when he found himself, after passing through so many trials and 
dangers, safe upon the deck of an American ship, and under the 
protection of the stars and stripes. Ossian says, that “ the recollec¬ 
tion of joys that are past, is pleasant and mournful to the soul.” The 
oUm miminisse juvahit 0 ^ the Latin poet teaches with equal truth, 
that the memory of trials endured in a good cause, kindle a joy in 
the soul. If the Doctor remembered his school-boy Latin, certainly 
the words of the Roman recurred to his mind, when, with a sense of 
noble triumph he stepped upon the quarter-deck of the flag-ship of 
the Blockading Squadron. 

His whole task, however, was not yet accomplished. He must 
go on to the seat of Government to finish his devoir. To enable him 
to do this he informed the Commodore that he was bearer of dis¬ 
patches to the Secretary of the Navy, and narrated briefly the inci¬ 
dents of his journey. The Commodore comprehended the case at a 
glance, and instantly detached an armed steamer and sent her with 
Dr Wood to the United States, directing all speed to be made. 
Arrived on our shore the Doctor made his way'as quickly as possible 
to Washington, where he handed his dispatches to Mr. Bancroft, 
Secretary of the Navy, and unbosomed himself not only with respect 
to the secret advices with which he had been charged by his Com¬ 
manding Officer, but likewise in regard to his eventful journey 
through the enemy’s territory, the course he had taken to advise 
Commodore Sloat of the rupture between the United States and 
Mexico, and the probable action of the Commodore in consequence 
thereof. 

Mr Bancroft was highly gratified by the conduct of Dr. Wood in 
the trying circumstances in which he had been placed, and compli¬ 
mented him highly upon the courage and ability he had displayed 
in protecting and advancing the interests of his country. Subse¬ 
quently, Commodore Sloat addressed him a very commendatory 
letter, acknowledging the great value of the services he had rendered 
“ at the risk of his life.”* Mr. Mallory, too. Chairman of the Com- 

*See B.—Appendix. 


8 


mittee in the United States Senate on Naval affairs, wrote Dr. Wood 
afterwards, saying, among other things : “ Every intelligent mind 

must at once appreciate the importance of the service you have 
rendered the country, and your personal hazard in traveling through 
the heart of the enemy’s country, communicating with your military- 
superior, and furnishing him with the sole, and otherwise unattain¬ 
able information upon which he based the acquisition of California. ■ 
The importance of this acquisition can best be estimated by asking ■ 
ourselves what would have been our National position on the Pacific, 
and upon our Oregon frontier, had Great Britain, instead of ourselves, 
acquired permanent possession of it. I have always contended that 
its acquisition constitutes one of the Navy’s strongest claims upon 
the gratitude and fostering hand of the Nation, and this chapter in 
your own history, furnished by your own service, but strengthened, 
the conviction.” 

Congress, we believe, never made any National recognition of the 
transaction, the Government never conferred upon the Doctor any 
mark of distinction for the great service he rendered, and the imme¬ 
diate cause and mode of the acquisition of California, seems likely 
to be buried in oblivion. 

The only allusion *ever made publicly to the matter, we appre¬ 
hend, was by a writer in a California journal, who, after the war, 
and when California had attained importance in the eyes of the 
world, published a eulogy of Dr. Wood. Although to have borne 
so important a part in gaining from Mexico, in the face of the de¬ 
signs of England, the territory which constitutes our great Pacific 
State, which has yielded more than one thousand millions of gold to | 
the world, and owning the chief port on the Western coast, forms I 
the key of the Pacific, deserves a eulogy, we write only as a chron¬ 
icler, for we do not even know the brave Surgeon whom both the 
nation and the navy, in the opinion of Mr. Mallory, owe so much 
gratitude. 

Dr. Wood, in course of time, became Chief of the Bureau of Medi¬ 
cine and Surgery in the Department at Washington. We believe 
that he is now a retired ofiicer, living in the enjoyment of the recol¬ 
lections of the past. 

The splendors which illumined the respective terminations of the 


9 


wars of 1812 and 1846 possess a noteworthy harmony in one par¬ 
ticular. When Great Britain made peace with this country, it was 
stipulated that each nation should hold whatever territory might 
be in actual possession of each at the time of the proclamation of 
peace, February 18th, 1815, should be made, irrespective of any 
previous national proprietorship. Great Britain believed that Pack- 
enham would have captured New Orleans before that time, and that 
she would be the owner of the mouth of the Mississippi and the 
adjacent territory, in fact, of Louisiana, and thus could confine the 
United States and control the commerce of the Southwest. But 
British arms did not sustain British diplomacy. Jackson quite 
changed the result. The war of 1812, which England fondly im¬ 
agined was to be terminated in a peace most advantageous to her, 
by the acquisition of such vitally important territory, and conse- 
sequently most humiliating to her opponent, through the crowning 
victory on the 8th of January, at New Orleans, closed in mortifica¬ 
tion and disappointment to England, and in a blaze of glory to the 
United States. 

The war with Mexico was admirably conducted, and the victories 
won reflected great lustre upon the American arms. But, if in the 
course of the struggle. Great Britain had carried off California, how¬ 
ever glorious might have been the successes of our troops, the con¬ 
clusion would have proved, politically, most unfortunate. As it was, 
with California to add another star to our azure field, and Great 
Britain estopped from tithing or tolling further on this continent, 
the conclusion was, in every respect, most triumphant. 

In each instance, in each emergency, the issue turned upon the 
courage and capacity of one man. Both should be remembered. 
Happy the nation which “ never wants a man to stand before the 
Lord ” for her in every crisis of her history. 


APPENDIX. 


[A] 

Extract from a dispatch from Com. J. D. Sloat, Commanding U. 8. 

Pacific Squadron, addressed to the Hon. George Bancroft, Secretary 

of the Navy, and dated 

“ Flag-Ship Savannah, 

No. 47. Mazatlan, April 30^/i, 1846. 

“ Sir ; I forward this by Dr. Wm. M. Wood, to whom I have given 
permission to return to the United States, at his own request. He 
came out as Fleet Surgeon of this Squadron, and some time since 
was superseded by Dr. Chase. Dr. Wood is a gentleman of observa¬ 
tion and intelligence, speaks and reads the Spanish language, and 
will, in passing across the country, undoubtedly acquire very valu¬ 
able information for the Government; and I refer the Department 
to him for information I have communicated to him verbally, which 
I did not think safe to trust in my letters across the country. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obt. servant, 

(Signed) JOHN D. SLOAT.” 

[B] 

Letter of Commodore Sloat. 

New York, 20^/i March, 1855. 

“ My Dear Sir ; I received your favor of the 14th inst. this 
morning. I am most happy to acknowledge the very important 
services you rendered the Government and the Squadron in the 
Pacific under my command, at the breaking out of the war with 
Mexico. The information you furnished me at Mazatlan from Guad- 
alaxara, (at the risk of your life,) was the only reliable information 
I received of that event, and which induced me to-proceed immedi¬ 
ately to California, and upon my own responsibility to take posses¬ 
sion of that country, which I did on the 7th of July, 1846. 

“ I have always considered the performance of your journey 
through Mexico at that time, as an extraordinary feat, requiring 
great courage, presence of mind and address. How you escaped from 
the heart of an enemy’s country, and such a people, has always 
been a wonder to me, and has been so characterized by me upon all 
Occasions. Very truly your friend, 

(Signed) JOHN D. SLOAT.” 

Dr. Wm. Maxwell Wood, TJ. S. Navy!' 







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